Britain's heat pump rollout is under pressure as the EU considers a stricter crackdown on F-gas use.
F-gases include hydrofluorocarbon (HFCs), which is used as a refrigerant in heat pumps. It is also highly polluting to the atmosphere.
Existing EU legislation aims to cut F-gas usage to a third of the amount used in 2015 by 2030.
但欧盟正在审查这个立法,favour of reducing this amount further in a bid to combat global warming. This could be as early as 2025.
We look at why if this were to go ahead in such a tight timeframe, this would be a problem for heat pump manufacturers and the UK's heat pump rollout.
What is HFC gas and why do heat pumps need it?
Sohow do heat pumps work? In very basic terms, heat pumps work like refrigerators but in reverse. That means, like refrigerators, heat pumps need refrigerants for the heat exchange process. Propane was used early on as a refrigerant but due to it being highly flammable, hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) gases were far more preferable for use instead.
Unfortunately, despite being safer than propane gas, HFC gas is a fluorinated greenhouse gas (F-gas). F-gases are estimated to be大坝的数百倍aging than CO2(opens in new tab). Just how damaging varies depending on the type of F gas.
A common HFC used in heat pumps in the UK is R410a, which has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 2088. Some have already switched to R32 (675GWP) and developments are being made in using CO2 as a refrigerant instead of HFCs too.
The solution so far has been to recycle HFC gases by cleaning them and reselling them but this isn't perfect as some of the gas can escape into the atmosphere during this process. HFC gases can escape into the atmosphere from leaks in heat pumps too, hence why HFC gases are sometimes needed when servicing the equipment.
Why might there be a shortage of HFC gases?
The EU is discussing a change in the quota of HFC gases allowed to be used by industries in the next few years in its own bid to tackle global warming.
Originally, the EU quota was due to drop to a third of HFC use in 2015 by 2024. And by 2030 this quota was to be 20% of 2015 levels.
But the EU is talking about revising this figure to slash the quota to only 5% of 2015's HFC use by either 2025 or 2030.
A decision on this is expected to be announced late next year, with the quotas being in place from 2024.
Also, this year's long hot summer with several heatwaves across Europe, is likely to result in increased demand for air conditioning units. These also use HFCs, which puts even more pressure on supplies.
How could this impact the UK's heat pump rollout?
The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs is committed to a 600,000 per yearheat pump rolloutin the UK by 2028.
Several factors have already thrown that figure into doubt, including a shortage of qualified installers as well as poor uptake of the Government's £450millionboiler upgrade scheme.
But if there is a shortage of refrigerants this could drive up the price and put pressure on manufacturers.
Graham Wright, former chairman of the Heat Pump Association, explained the situation to Homebuilding & Renovating in more detail.
He said the main worry is if EU officials chose a timescale of 2025 for their stricter HFC gas quota. This would not give heat pump manufacturers enough time to adopt new refrigerants in their systems.
"It isn't straight forward to swap out a gas with a different refrigerant," he said. "The heat pump industry is renowned for being innovative but it still takes time. There's a balance that needs to take place."
However, he said he believes it is unlikely the EU would force such strict timescales on manufactures and is more likely to opt for the later 2030 date.
Realistically, heat pump manufacturers need between five and seven years to adopt far lower polluting refrigerants, he added.
Will the UK follow EU quotas on refrigerants?
Previously, the UK has said it would incorporate the EU's F gas legislation into its laws. However, this was before EU discussions about significantly reducing the quota of refrigerants started to take place.
While climate campaigners have urged the UK to follow the EU's quotas, the UK is likely to develop its own.
Graham Wright, former chairman of the Heat Pump Association, said there are already discussions in place for creating the UK's own F gas quotas, which would be separate to the EU's regulation.
Currently the quota is not set in stone, but is loosely agreed in the UK to be 11% of the HFC use in 2015.
The aim, he adds, is to get heat pump manufacturers eventually using refrigerants with only 150 Global Warming Potential (GWP), or under. There is currently no target date that has been set for that in the UK but it will be agreed in the future.
There are global suppliers of the UK's refrigerants, so aside from EU legislation pushing up the price, the UK could feasibly adopt its own refrigerant regulations.
